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W. F. BR-OWNE. PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. No. 263,316. Patented Aug.29, 1882.

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(No Model.) 15 Sheets-Sheet 2 W. F. BROWNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. No. 263,316. Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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M E N W O Y PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS.

No 263,316 Patented Aug.29,1882.

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PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS No. 263,316.

Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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' W. F. BROWNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS.

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Patented Aug. 29,

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W..P BROWNE. PROCESS OF AND APPARATU$ FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. No. 268,316.

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15 Sheets-Sheet 7. W. P. BROWNE. PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS.

Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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(No Model.) 15 Sheets-Sheet 8.

W. F. BROWNE.

PROUESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. No. 263,316. Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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(No Model.) i5 Sheets-Sheet 9. W. F. BROWNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS.

No. 263,316. Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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(No Model.) w 15 Sheets-Sheet 10.

W. P. BRO'WNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING- LIQUIDS.

Patented Aug.. 29, 1882.

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(No Model.) 7 15 Sheets-Sheet 11. W. F. BROWNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. No. 263,316.

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(NQ'MOdeL) 15 Sheets-.Sheet 12.

W. RBROWNE. PROGESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. No. 268,316. Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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15 Sheets-Sheet 13. W. P. BROWNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR BVAPORATING LIQUIDS No. 263,316.

Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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W. BROWNE.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS. I

,316. Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

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(No Model.) '15 She'ets-Sheet 15.

W. F. BROWNE. PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR EVAPORATING LIQUIDS.

No. 263,316. Patented Aug. 29, 1882.

UNrTED STATES ATENT FFICE.

WILLIAM FRANK BROWN E, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 263,316, dated August 29, 1882.

Application filed December 19, 1881.

To all whom it may concern:

Beit known that I, WM. FRANK BROWNE, of the city, county, and State of New York, have invented a new and useful Process of and Apparatus for Evaporating Liquids from any organic or inorganic matter which may be held in suspension or chemically combined therewith and I do hereby declare that the following is a clear and full description thereof, reference being bad to the accompanying drawin gs, which form a part of this specification.

This invention relates to animproved method or process of and means for recovering from liquids any organic or inorganic matter that is possessed of a greater specific gravity than the liquid in which it is contained.

Figure 1 is a vertical central sectional view of a heating device for heating liquids containing organic or inorganic matter to be recovered in a desiccated, plastic, or other concentrated form analogous to sirups and glutinous substances which may or may not be desiccated. Fig. 2 is a central sectional view of a chamber, separator, or receiver into which the substance to be recovered is discharged from the heating device, and wherein the process of evaporating is continued by the application of auxiliary heat. Fig. 3 is a vertical sectional view, showing the heating device and a chamber into which the contents thereof are discharged for the purpose of eliminating the volatilized or evolved aqueous or liquid matter. Fig. 4 is a sectional plan view of the heating device and evaporating chamber or pans. Fig. 5 is an external view of the heatin g device and evaporating-chamber, showing the manner of connecting the discharge-pipes of the heating device with the evaporatingchamber. Fig. 6 is a vertical sectional View of aspire-convoluted evaporating-pan. Fig. 7 is a vertical sectional view of a spiro-convoluted evaporating-pan, showing asteam heatin g-coil arranged in the convolutions, and over which the liquid to be evaporated passes. Fig. 8 is a plan view of the spiro-convoluted evaporating-pan with the cover removed. Fig. 9

is a plan view of the spire-convoluted evaporating-pan with the cover in position. Fig. 10 is a vertical sectional view of the spiro-convoluted pan mounted on a furnace. Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, and are views representing the (No model.)

feed-water and circulating device which connects with the ends of the conduits in the heating device. Fig. 16 is a vertical sectional view of a heating device, showing a single coil or conduit. Fig. 17 is a vertical sectional view of a heating device, in which a helical coil is represented with an internal perforated coil therein. Fig. lSis a coil in which an internal perforated pipe is shown, and through which the steam escapes from the generating-coil. Fig. 19 is a coil in which a portion of the internal pipe is represented as being cut away, thus exposing two ends through which the steam enters on its passage out of the center coil. Fig. 20 is a heating and evaporating device. Fig. 21 is an evaporating-pan. Fig. 22 is a horizontal section and plan of a heating and evaporating device.

Like letters of reference designate corresponding parts in all of the figures.

The vertical sectional view of the heating device B A, Fig. 1, is mounted upon a base, M which base includes the ash-pit with door K thereto. The superheating-coil 1 and firebrick J a rest upon the grate-bars L. The door a gleads to the furnace. A series of coils or conduits, a, are located in the coil or combustion-chamber and rest upon the supporting-lug 0 and a hollow water-bar, d it. The ends of these bars project through the shell and are connected by suitable fittings, which admits of a free circulation of liquids through the series. By means of these bars and a free circulation of liquids therein great heat can be applied to the coils or conduits without fear of sagging down at the center. The liquid should be forced into the bottom and circulate upward from thence through the upper coil or conduit, and thence downward through the series, and thence discharged into the separator 9 where the volatile parts will expand and pass off through pipe 61 into dome b, and from thence through pipes to places of use. The dome bis provided with stay-bolts cl n and supporting-brackets a, which rest upon the upper flange of the combustion-chamber, and are bolted thereto. The bonnet dis composed of two shells with a space, 0 between them for the purpose of conducting the radiated heat from the inner shell to the uptake. Perforations can be made in the outer shell at the base of the bonnet for the admission of air, which will cause, in connection with the heat, a rapid circulation through the space. The pressure in the dome is ascertained by the steam-gage a t. The stack is provided with a damper, h. The dome isprovided with a drainpipe, a, which connects it with the separator 9 Thecoils orconduits a project tangentially from the outer and inner circles, and parallel, or nearly so. The inner ends,f, are connected by suitable fittings, c, nipples e,fi, valves 6 and nipples f to circulating feed-pipe d m and separator 1 pipe is provided with a funnel, d l, which is for the purpose of charging the heating device with liquids prior to the generation of steam. \Vhensutficientpressure is obtained the steam can be used to pump the liquid into the coils. The controlling-valve 33 is to prevent the backpressure from forcing the liquids out of the feed'pipe (I m. This feed-pipe is provided with a drain-pipe, h 3 with controlling-valve 37 thereon.

The lower end, h 'v, of the superheating'coil I terminates in the cross-fitting d w. The under side of the cross-fitting is provided with a blow-oft pipe, h z, and controlling-valve 61 thereon. A pipe, h 00, connects the cross-fitting d to with the separator 1 The circulation through said pipe h m is controlled by valve 38. The pipe al with controlling-valve 34, T-fittingi a, and pipe d 1;, forms a connection between the dome and the superheating coill. Theoutletofthesuperheateristhrough pipe h 20, which is provided with controllingvalve 60. The end of this pipe connects to a T-littiug, i I), to the run of which the pipes d s, with controlling-valve 36 and pipe 1' c, are connected, while their other ends are connected respectively with the pipe 0, which leads from the safety device N and the evaporating-chamber R. (Shown in Fig. 2.) The dischargepipe P and controlling-valve V thereon connect the separator with evaporating-chainber R. The pipe P projects into the separator, and thence downward to near the bottom thereof. The cap t e is provided with a blow-01f pipe, 2' d, and plug cock or valve d u thereto.

The evaporating-chamber R is mounted upon a foundation containing the furnace Q. This chamber is provided with an outer jacket, if, which forms a steam 'and water space, U and T". Stay-bolts d a; are to keep the jacket from bursting when under pressure. The blow-ofl' pipe (I g, with controlling-valve 39, is for the purpose of regulating the steam generated within the boiler or space T, or the steam derived fromother sources. The blowotf pipefa and controlling-valve 41 are for the purpose of draining the water-space T", while the pipe (I z, with valve 40, is for draining liquid from the evaporating-chamber. The stack is for conducting the products of combustion from the furnace.

' In Fig. 3 the heating device B A is shown in connection with an evaporating-chamber,

The top of the circulating feed- R, which is shown in section. The substance to be evaporated from the matter to be recovered is forced into the heating device through feed-pipe o, and circulates downward through the conduits f and a m. These conduits are connected by fittings fa and d z. The rightand-left couplings e and a i and nipplesfi and a it connect said tittingsfa and d z to the conduits, and in such manner that a free circulation is obtained throughout the series. Hollow supporting-bars (1 (shown in sectional view, Fig. 1) are employed, and connected by return-bandsfh. The feed water or liquid is at first forced through the supporting-bars, and thence to the upper coils or conduits. The case or shell is provided with two doors,f, which embrace nearly one-half of the shell and swing upon the hinges d h, and when closed are held in place by suitable deviccs,fg.

The drain'pipe a is for conducting the condensation from the dome, which is covered by the bonnet d, to a trap, or with device which will discharge the condensed matter to any place required. The discharge end of the two lower coils, f, project into the evaporating chamber It. This chamber is provided with a cover, A, which fits tightly to the evaporating-chamber by means of flanges and bolts. A pipe, d, is secured to the top of the cover. A T-titting is screwed to the top end of the pipe and to the outlet thereof. A continuation of the pipe d extends to the steam dome. The valve 46 thereon is to control the action of the current of steam or vapor therein.

In the chamber X a heating-coil, y a, is located. By means of this coil and the steam which flows through heat is imparted to and transmitted through the bottom of the chamber R for the purpose of drying or desiccating the organic or inorganic substance when necessary, and when not necessary steam should not pass through the heating-coil. A standard or support, Z, is placed beneath the bottom of the chamber It to assist in holding the bottom when great weight has accumulated thereon.

The pipefj, with valve 48, is for draining the chamber when required. The pressure in the heating'coil y a is in part regulated by valve 4.) and blow-ofi' pipefk. The steam for this heating'coil can be derived from a boiler located at any convenient distance therefrom; but the arrangement shown in the drawings is practicable, and also it is a very important factor in the aforementioned invention. By the means shown the steam or vapor which is eliminated from the solid or dense matter in the evaporating-chamber R is conducted by pipe 01 to a dome, thence from the dome into and through pipe d to the lower end,fe, of the superheating-coill",(showninFig.1,)thencethrough said superheatingcoil, whence it is discharged through the upper end,fd, into and through pipe f I), thence into the heating-coil y a, and out at the blow-off pipe f 70. Steam for the pump is conducted by pipe (lg and controlled by valve 47. The exhaust from the pump can be conducted by pipe f 0 into and through the supporting-coil, and thence through pipe f 1) into and through the heating-coil ya. Whenever an engine is run by the steam eliminated in the chamber R and the demand equals the supply the exhaust can be forced through the superheating-coil, and thence through the heatin g-coil. A train of evaporating-pans similar to those shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 can be attached to or connected with the separating-chamber R.

The separating-chamber It can be made in any suitable form and dimension, with orvwithout a cover or heating-space beneath the bottom thereof. The wall of the chamber can be provided with suitable door or doors, through which the accumulations can be removed when in a desiccated state; but when in the condition of a sirup it can be drawn off through drain-pipe fj.

Fig. 4 is the representation of a horizontal sectional plan view of the heating device B A, evaporating-chambers R It, and E and separator 9 The evaporating-chambers are connected to the separator by pipes P P, and P, which are provided with controllingvalves V, V, and V. The coil 0% in the heating device connects with the separator 9 The discharge end of thesuperheating-coil connects with the cross D from whence superheated steam is conducted through pipe f n and discharged into the endfb of the coil ya, from whence it is discharged through the outletf k, the pressure in the coil being controlled in part by valve 49. Valve 43 is to control the induction of steam into the heating-coil. The pipefl conducts the steam from the cross and discharges it into the endf b of the heating-coil in the chamber beneath the bottom of the evaporation pan or chamber R. The discharge therefrom is through f k, and is controlled by valve 49. The pipe f m conducts steam from the cross and discharges it into the end f b of the heating-coil beneath the bottom of the evaporating-chamber It. The discharge therefrom is through pipe f k and controlled by valve 49 The drain-pipes fj, fj and fj and controlling-valves 48, 48 and 48 are for draining the chambers R R,

'and R when necessary. These evaporatingpans can beopen or closed vacuum-pans,which can be provided with vacuum pump or pumps or the device shown in Fig. 6. These pans are designed for evaporating the volatile part of any liquid or fluids containing organic or inorganic matter. In place of the heatingcoils y a, the pan can be located over a furnace, as shown in Fig. 2, from whence heat will be derived to complete the evaporation. The substance to be evaporated and recovered is forced through the heating deviceB A, and thence discharged into the separator gflwhere the volatile part or steam is partially eliminated from the solid or the part to be recovered, which is now discharged by suitable trapping device into the evaporating-chamber R which operation continues until the necessary amount of the matter to be recovered has deposited or accumulated in the pan, after which the valve V is closed and valve V opened, thus allowing the products in the separator to be discharged into pan B. On opening valve 43 steam will flow into the heating-coil, while'the valve 43 is left open for the purpose of continuing the heat and evaporation in pan R to the point desired, after which the valve should be closed. When the desired amount of deposition or accumulation has been obtained in pan R the valve V should be closed and valve V opened, thus discharging the unvolatilized matter and substance to be recovered into pan B. On opening valve 43 steam will flow into the heating-coil beneath the bottom of the evapora ing-chamber. The flow of steam is continued in and through the heating-coil beneath the bottom of pan R until the matter to be recovered is reduced to a proper condition or consistency, after which valve 43 should be closed. In the meantime, during the progress of the operation thus far, the evaporating-pan R can be cleaned and made ready for subsequent use by the time pan B has received asufficient amount of deposit.

An external elevation of an evaporating apparatus is shown in Fig. 5, the heating device being the same as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. The discharge from the heating device is through pipes f into a separating-cham ber, R where the steam is eliminated, and conducted by pipe 612 and discharged therefrom into the dome; or by closing valve 46 the steam can be discharged from pipe 0 b, and, also, if too much steam or vapor is generated, the safetyvalve i h will rise and allow said steam to escape through pipet' g. The steam from the dome is conducted by pipe b and discharged into the lower end, f0, of the superheatingcoil, and is discharged therefrom through pipe t'j into the endfb of the heating-coil, located in a chamber, 13'", beneath the bottom of the evaporating-pan. The steam is controlled by valves 43 and 44, and the exit of the steam from said heating-coil is controlled by valve 49. The steam can now be conducted into and through a heating-coil in pan R, from thence into and through pan R, and finally discharged through pipe f k and valve 49 The pans R and R are without covers, but can be provided with them when required, and also with a device for producing a vacuum. Thedoorsg 0, g 0 and g 0 are for the purpose of opening and withdrawing the matter accumulated within the pan when in a desiccated condition 5 but when in the condition of a sirup, or in a condition analogous thereto, the matter can be drawn off through valve 48 In Fig. 6 a spiro-convoluted vacuum evaporating-pan, E is represented in vertical central section, mounted on the base A. The pan is made of cast metal, with a top flange, on which the cover I is fitted steam-tight and held in place by'suitable bolts, An ejector, a is fitted and secured to the cover and com mnnicates with the interior of the pan. The nozzle T U connects with the steam-discharge pipe g, which is secured to one of the convolutions of the pan, from whence steam is derived to form the jet. The under sides of the convolutions are covered with the plate 11, which is fitted steam-tight, or nearly so, whereby a spiral chamber or channel is formed, which occupies one-half, or nearly so, of the interior of the pan. The steam is admitted at H I and circulates through the channel, and thence discharged therefrom through pipe g and ejector z. The steam for heating the pan may be derived from any suitable steamgenerating apparatus; or hot gases can be employed for the same purpose; and, also, when liquids which are easily volatilized are to be evaporated, hot water can be run through the channel a and discharged from pipe (1 with or without being in connection with the ejector; or the water can be introduced into the spiral channel through pipe g from whence it will flow down the inclined channel and be discharged at H l. The substance to be evaporated and recovered is conducted through pipe V into the pan. The force of the upward flow, when under pressure, is broken by the device L M, and thence flows down the channel k and discharges at F G. The line 61 represents the height of the flowing liquid. An automatic skimmer is shown at W X. N and PQ represent a window through which the interior can be observed.

In the sectional view, Fig. 7, a steam heatingcoil, l, is provided, and shown located in the channel through which the substance to be recovered and evaporated flows. The induction to this coil is at H I, while its discharge is through pipe q into the open air, or into and through an ejector shown in Figs. 6 and 10. The device dj is for keepingthe coil from resting on the bottom of the channel. This coil and pan can be connected with any steam-generating apparatus from which a supply of steam can be obtained, and also it can be placed over a suitable furnace or other heatin g device from whence heat can be derived.

A plan view of the pan E is shown in Fig. 8, in which the upward spiral projecting channel b is shown, while the black spiral division represents the downward-projecting channel through which the substance to be evaporated flows. In the top plan view, Fig. 9, the interior of the pan is shown, and the action of the evapcrating substance can be observed at all times. One or more of these windows can be used for observation, and one of which should be immediately over the point where the scum from saccharine juices or sirups collects. The window is also provided with suitable hinges and fastening devices, whereby it can be opened and the scum or other obstruction cleared away, it" the outlet or passage should become clogged. The spiral channel can be cleaned by connecting the discharge-pipe F G with a steam-supply pipeand forcing steam or superheated steam through said channel, the discharge of which would be through the ejector z or when aheating-eoil is employed,as shown in Fig. 7, the steam from said coil can be made to enter the pan by putting a valve on the end of the ejector R S, which will cause the steam to flow back through the channel and be discharged at H I.

In vertical central view, Fig. 10, the spiroconvoluted "acuum-pan E is represented with a steam-generator, 0, attached to the bottom thereof. This generator can be made tubular or in any suitable manner. The generator is arranged in a suitable furnace, G, provided with a feed-door, D, grate-bar, E, and ashpit, F. The bottom of the pan E is covered by a plate, B, the outer edge of which can be perforated or made of less diameter than the pan, and through which the steam from the generator enters the outer internal channel, 0 and circulates to the center, from whence it makes its escape through the ejector z or any other suitable device.

The discharge-pipe can be'provided with a safety-valve, whereby a given amount of pressure can be obtained in the generator and spiral channel, which pressure can be regulated to suit the requirements of the substances to be evaporated.

When cane-juice is to be evaporated it may be possible to obtain steam and suitable pressure therefrom to drive the rollers to crush the cane with, and also it will be practicable to furnish motive power when many substances are to be evaporated.

The sectional views shown in Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14:, and 15 represent a device, afand a c, for feeding the heating device B A. (Shown in Fig. 1.) This deviceis for the purpose of cansin g the water or liquids to be evaporated from organic or inorganic matter to be circulated in two or more streams, or simultaneously in several of the conduits, until discharged into the separator 1 The two feeding devices cf and a e are designed to connect and feed a heating device containing fifteen sections of conduit-s. The connecting device af is provided with holes fa, fa, f1), f0), fw,fw, f f 1 .fY/v fg/ f 7 f 9 and g To each one of these holes a right-and-left nipple is fitted, and which are also connected by rightand-lel't couplings to the ends of each one of the ends which project tangentially from the outer turns of the conduits, as shown in Figs. 1 and 22. The circulating device a 0 is provided with holes g i, g i, g k, g k, g l, g l, m, and g m, to each of which a right-and-lcft nipple is fitted and connected to the inner projectingends,f, which project tangentially from the inner turn of the conduitby right-and-left couplings c. This device a e is fitted to but eight of the coils or conduits, the two upper and five loweronesbeingindependcntthereotl Thetwo upper coils at their induction ends are fed by a double pump or by some other analogous device. The eduction therefrom is discharged into the circulating device a fat f u fu where the liquid is discharged into chambersfpfo.

The liquid is discharged from thence through openingsfvf v and fwfwinto the connected conduits, wherein it now circulates in four streams, and discharges into and through corresponding openings, 9 gj, g k, and'g kinto chambers f s and f 1., from whence the liquid is discharged therefrom through openings 9 l, g l, g m, and g m into and through the corresponding conduits, from whence it is discharged throughopeningsfmfxinto chamber f q and openingsfyfy' into chamberfr, from whence the liquid is forced through openings fz, f2, fz g a, and g a into the five lower conduits, from whence the liquid is discharged into the separator 9 '10 h, g b, g z, and g a are apertures for filling and draining the chambers and coils. gf,g e, g c, g h, and g 0 are apertures at the bottom of the chambers f 0, f 1, f s, and g h for the purpose of draining the chambers and conduits.

The heating device B A (shown in Fig. 16) is a device consisting of a shell which incloses a conical coil,fn, the two ends of which are connected by couplings e to a feed-pipe, a d, and to a stand-pipe or separator, 9 Liquids are forced through the feed-pipe a 61 into the coil or conduit f a, thence downward and out through pipe f into' stand-pipe 9 where the steam is eliminated and escapes through pipe (1 and is dischargedinto dome b, from whence it is conducted away to places of use by pipes b 9, and c. a a is a trap for conducting away the matter to be recovered. Evaporating-pans can be placed in connection with the apparatus, and the trap discharges the contents thereof into said pans, wherein the evaporation can be continued to any degree or consistency required when in the form of a sirup; but when complete dryness is required the pans shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 should be employed. Two or more of thecoils f a can be located in the furnace J and also, asuperheating-coil can be provided, which can extend from the grate-bars L to the bottom of the coil fa.

In Fig. 17 a vertical sectional view of a coil, f a, is shown, with an interior coil, h e, coiled therein. One,two,or more of the central turns of this internal coil are perforated for the purpose of spraying liquids therefrom into the outer coil, f n. The liquids are forced into the internal coil by the pump h d, which is driven by steam conducted from dome I) through pipe g, the steam being controlled by valve 55. The liquid can be forced into either the top or the bottom of the coil, or at top and bottom simultaneously, by means of valve 56 on pipe h a and valve 57 on pipe h b. The steam within the outer coil, f a, escapes therefrom through the upper and lower ends or connecting-pipes, h j hj, from whence it is discharged into the stand-pipeorseparatorg from thence through pipe 61 into dome b, from which it is drawn or conducted to places of use. The condensation or liquid matter passes off through the trap an. One, two, or more'of these coils can be located over the furnace J, and-all connect with the separator g and the pump h d, and also a superheating-coil can be located within the fire-box and rest upon the gratebars If, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 18represents a vertical broken sectional view of an evaporator consisting ofa conduit or coil of pipe, fn. This coil is provided with an internal coil, h e. The pipes composing these coils are at first Welded into suitable lengths, and then put together and coiled in the same operation. The two ends of the external coil, h j hj, are made shorter than the internal pipe. To these ends a T, h 0, and a cross, it a, are fitted, while the ends h a h a of the internal pipe or coil project through the said Th 0 and cross h a for the purpose of-turning the bushings h g and h g thereon and into the T and cross-fittings, and also to receive the T's h p and hp, thus forming a connection of the internal coil, h c, with the steam stand-pipe h k and h It. The steam therein is conducted to a dome or other suitable place by pipe h l, while the condensation or drainage is effected through pipe h m, which is provided with a valve. (Not shown.) By closing valve 59 the steam can be made to pass outat the upper end, It a, of the coil h a, While the condensation or the liquid and other matter can be drawn oif through pipe h m. This pipe can be connected with a trap which will keep the coil from filling up with any substance. Liquids are forced through pipe 71 y into T-fittin g ix, where the stream divides and is forced up and down through pipes h a h b, from whence the liquid is discharged into Th 0 and cross h n, and from thence it is forced into the space between the interior of the external pipe'and the exterior of the internal pipe, which, when highly heated, causes a rapid expansion of the volatile parts of the liquid, which may be steam, vapor, or gas, the egress of which is through perforations t z in the internal pipe, h e, to the dome or place of use. The external coil, f a, is drained through pipe h s. This pipe is provided with a valve which is not shown in the drawings. The advantage derived from a steam-generator of the above description is that a maximum heating-surface is presented to a minimum amount of liquid or water. It will be seen that the space between the two pipes can be reduced to a thirty-second of an inch. Thus when filled with water steam will be evolved rapidly therefrom.

The view shown in Fig. 19 is a modification of the coil shown in Fig. 18. The internal coil, h e, is formed from two separate pipes which do not meet within the external pipe, f m, as shown through the broken external coil. The steam which is generated within the external pipe. enters the internal pipes at their'open ends and is conducted away, as described in Fig.18.

Figs. 20 and 21 represent a side elevation of the heating device B A and an evaporating-pan, E This apparatus is designed to heat and evaporate liquids from the soluble matter eontained therein, which is easily destroyed by 

